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Study on the Level of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Raw and Processed Milk Marketed in Kathmandu Valley
Pratap Kafle,Damodar Sedai,Krishna Prasad Rai,Bishow Bandhu Pokharel
Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal , 2012, DOI: 10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10598
Abstract: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the principal hydroxylated AFB1 metabolite mainly present in milk. In this study the levels of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Raw and Pasteurized milk marketed in Kathmandu valley was estimated. Altogether 32 milk samples (Raw 16, Pasteurized 16) obtained from different areas of Kathmandu valley were analysed for AFM1 by Thin Layer Chromatography. The milk samples were analyzed according to the official AOAC methods, which included extraction of toxin using chloroform, clearing by silica gel column chromatography, qualitative analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography and quantification by Visual comparison of the spots. AFM1 was found in 14 (43.75%) of milk samples examined. The levels of AFM1 in 7 (21.87%) samples were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 μg/l) accepted by some European countries while none of the samples exceeded the prescribed limit of US regulations. The mean concentration of AFM1 was higher in Raw milk (0.030 ± 0.042 μg/l) compared to pasteurized (0.022 ± 0.039) but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). This ?finding reflects that milk marketed in Kathmandu valley contains residual level of Aflatoxin M1 and pose public health risk. Therefore, milk and milk products have to be screened for AFM1 contamination periodically. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v7i0.10598 ? J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 7 (52-56), 2012 ?
Treatment Options of Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO): A Review  [PDF]
Aradhana Pokharel, Jie Luan
Open Journal of Ophthalmology (OJOph) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/ojoph.2019.92009
Abstract: Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is a common retinal vascular disease secondary to diabetic retinopathy resulting in permanent loss of vision despite available treatment options. Main vision impending complication of retinal vein occlusion is macular edema. Laser photocoagulation has been an established method for treating macular edema for many years but nowadays intravitreal injection of Anti-Vascular endothelial growth factors (Ranibizumab, Aflibercept Bevacizumab and Pegaptanib sodium) is the treatment of choice for macular edema from retinal vein occlusion. Intra-vitreal corticosteroids Triamcinolone Acetonide and Dexamethasone implant, are also being used to treat in some macular edema cases but with higher rates of side effects. Numerous surgical methods have been attempted for treating RVO and preventing macular edema; they include pars plana vitrectomy, radial optic neurotomy, laser induced chorioretinal anastomosis, and arteriovenous sheathotomy. Surgical methods supposedly relieve compression of the central retinal vein, altering the pathophysiology of vein occlusion at the level of the lamina cribrosa thus improving blood flow and oxygenation. But limitations result from its complications.
Toward the Design and Implementation of Traceability Engineering Tool Support  [PDF]
Subik Pokharel, Hassan Reza
Journal of Software Engineering and Applications (JSEA) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/jsea.2019.126015
Abstract: Requirements of a system keep on changing based on the need of stakeholders or the system developers, making requirement engineering an important aspect in software development. This develops a need for appropriate requirement change management. The importance of requirements traceability is defining relationships between the requirements and artefacts extracted by the stakeholder during the software development life-cycle and gives vital information to encourage software understanding. In this paper, we have concentrated on developing a tool for requirement traceability that can be used to extend the requirement elicitation and identification of system-wide qualities using the notion of quality attribute scenarios to capture the non-functional requirements. It allows us to link the functional and non-functional requirements of the system based on the quality attribute scenarios template proposed by the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI). Apart from this, the paper focuses on tracing the functional and non-functional requirements of the system using the concept of requirement traceability matrix.
Adolescent Sexuality Education in Nepal: Current Perspectives  [PDF]
Sharmila Pokharel, Anup Adhikari
Creative Education (CE) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/ce.2021.127132
Abstract: There is a huge public debate on CSE being amorous and inappropriate.?The materials and curriculum for students are considered insufficient and inadequate due to socio-cultural factors,?which are deep-rooted in society. Lack of knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and low access to sexual health services have forced young people to engage in unsafe sexual practices in Nepal. Sexuality education should cover lessons on the important role adolescents’ sexuality that plays in their personality, positive things that sexuality brings to life, and the role our sexuality plays in connecting an individual with others. Complete sexuality education must be scientifically and age-appropriately precise, culturally competent, and based on people’s rights, gender equality, and a positive approach to sexuality and pleasure based that sexuality education affects general health, adaptation to the environment and quality of life and contributes to an optimal life of your choice. Children and teenagers need to get precise clarification about understanding sexuality on how to practice healthy sexual behavior while unhealthy or exploitative risky sexual activity can lead to health and social problems, such as unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The article reviews the current perspectives and situation of CSE among adolescents of Nepal. A review of government documents and research articles has been conducted, and the findings have been synopsized. Consequently, the curriculum developers and policymakers were provided with the recommendations to address common problems that are evitable among adolescents as well as guidelines for teachers’ training on related topics.
A need for an awareness campaign about nutrition and hygiene while conducting school eye health programs
A Pokharel
Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology , 2011, DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v3i2.5285
Abstract: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v3i2.5285 Ne pal J Ophthalmol 2011; 3(2): 220
Multifocal Tubercular Osteomyelitis Involving Bilateral Symmetrical Second Metacarpals
R Pokharel
Journal of Institute of Medicine , 2012, DOI: 10.3126/joim.v34i2.9054
Abstract: Skeletal tuberculosis involving small bones of the hand is less common. We report a case, 6 year old boy, of bilateral symmetrical tubercular osteomyelitis of second metacarpals. He presented with gradually increasing swellings over bilateral hands over duration of one month. There was no other significant history relating to tuberculosis. Hand X-rays showed expansive lesions of bilateral second metacarpals. Thick pus and necrotic tissue was removed from both the swelling and from the bone. Presence of typical tubercular granuloma in the histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The boy was treated with antitubercular drugs and improved after completion of anti-tubercular treatment. Tuberculosis can present in different ways, and should be kept as one of the possible diagnosis of several bony pathologies including metacarpals and phalanges, especially in this part of the world where tuberculosis endemic. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v34i2.9054 ? Journal of Institute of Medicine August, 2012; 34:2 42-47
Spontaneous delivery or manual delivery of the placenta during caesarean: A randomized controlled trial
SM Pokharel
Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal , 2011, DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v7i2.6676
Abstract: The study was done to compare the blood loss and the time between spontaneous delivery and manual removal of the placenta during caesarean section. We prospectively randomized and compared outcomes of 100 gravid women with manual (n=50) and spontaneous (n=50) placental delivery at caesarean section. Blood loss was measured after placental deliverey at caesarean and was greater in the manually delivered group (100.9 ± 22.5 ml) than in the spontaneous delivery group. (55.11 ±21.07 ml) P< 0.001. The mean interval during the delivery of the newborn and the placenta is longer in spontaneous delivery group (62.02 vs. 50.5 seconds), but the mean duration of the operation was similar. Spontaneous delivery of the placenta as compared to manual expression significantly reduces the blood loss without increasing the operating time.
Changing Relations between High Castes and Tamang in Melamchi Valley
Binod Pokharel
Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology , 2010, DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4513
Abstract: This paper is about the processes of transformation of social relations between high caste groups and Tamang in Melamchi Valley for the period of 1980-2010. Development interventions made by government of Nepal and (I) NGOs, a decade long undergoing Melamchi Water Supply Project and labor migration are major factors for ongoing changes in the study area. Spread of literacy classes and primary education, availability of credit institutions, introduction of modern farming, road networks, seasonal out migration from the area, etc. primarily define new relations among the groups. Borrowing and lending money were one of the basis of high caste and Tamang relation in past. The latter was regarded as borrower loan from first one. Before 1980s, money and agriculture commodities were controlled by few rich and high castes people. Cash income from various sources made enable the Tamang to stand on an equal footing with high caste people. Open political economy and liberal policy for issuing pass port in 1990s and after that encourage the people to diversify the destination of seasonal migration from India to Gulf countries and East Asia. Various processes of socio-economic and political changes led to local peoples to seek their position and identity in the changing context. Discourse of Tamang, high castes and Dalit entered into the Valley along with the development resources of (I)NGO and political movements of the country. This made possible to Tamang and other disadvantage groups to define and redefine their ethnic identity. Keywords : High castes; Tamang; credit facilities; subsistence farming; identity construction; money lending; wage labor DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4513 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.65-84
Customer Relationship Management: Related Theories, Challenges and Application in Banking Sector
Babin Pokharel
Banking Journal , 2011, DOI: 10.3126/bj.v1i1.5140
Abstract: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bj.v1i1.5140 Banking Journal Vol.1(1) 2011: 19-28
Politics and problematics of the definition and categorization of ethnicity in Nepal
Ramesh Pokharel
Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal , 2011, DOI: 10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8042
Abstract: Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 2011, Page 1-15 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8042
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